Valencia
Over 2,000 years of history
Over 2,000 years of history
Have you ever wondered how Valencia became the city it is today? How did it evolve from a Roman colony to a Muslim kingdom, from a Christian capital to a Spanish province, from a war-torn city to a modern metropolis? In this article, we will take you on a journey through Valencia’s history, and show you how its past has shaped its present.
You will learn about the people, events, and cultures that have left their mark on this fascinating city. You will also discover some of the most iconic landmarks and monuments that reflect Valencia’s heritage. Whether you are planning to visit Valencia or just curious about its history, this article will give you a comprehensive and engaging overview of one of Spain’s most dynamic and diverse cities.
Valencia was founded as a Roman colony in 138 BC under the name Valentia Edetanorum, which means “Valour of the Edetani”, a local tribe that inhabited the area. The city was located near the coast and the river Turia, which provided natural defenses and access to trade routes. It became an important administrative and commercial centre, and had a forum, a circus, an amphitheatre, temples, baths, and aqueducts. It also minted its own coins and had a flourishing culture and literature.
As you delve deeper into Valencia’s Roman past, you’ll encounter fascinating artifacts and architectural marvels that bear witness to the city’s early foundations. The Roman influence can be seen in the city’s layout and infrastructure, as well as in the traces of Roman architectural elements found in some of the buildings. Valencia’s historic streets tell stories of ancient trade routes, bustling markets, and the vibrant life that once thrived within the city’s walls.
Valencia was conquered by the Muslim Berbers and Arabs in 714 AD, who called it Balansiyya, which means “City of Palms” in Arabic. The city adopted the Islamic civilization and culture, and became a cosmopolitan and tolerant society where Christians, Muslims, and Jews lived together. It also benefited from the introduction of new irrigation systems and crops, such as rice, oranges, and silk. It became a trading centre and a seat of learning, where scholars such as Ibn al-Abbar and Ibn Khaldun studied and wrote.
One of the most prominent symbols of Valencia’s historical and religious transformation is the majestic Valencia Cathedral. Standing proudly, it was built on the site of a former mosque, showcasing the seamless blending of architectural styles from different periods. Inside, the cathedral houses a wealth of artistic treasures and offers visitors a glimpse into the city’s spiritual heritage.
The influence of Islamic rule is also evident in Valencia’s cuisine, music, and language. Traditional dishes infused with Moorish flavors tantalize the taste buds, while lively music and the vibrant local dialect add another layer of cultural richness to the city’s fabric.
Valencia was captured by the legendary Spanish hero El Cid in 1094 after a long siege. He ruled the city until his death in 1099 . He defended the city from the Almoravid invasion and established a tolerant society where Christians, Muslims, and Jews coexisted peacefully. He also minted coins with his name and title in Arabic and Latin, and promoted trade and culture. His exploits were immortalized in the epic poem El Cantar de Mio Cid (The Song of My Cid).
Valencia was taken by James I of Aragon in 1238, ending the Muslim rule in the city . He granted the city a charter of rights and privileges, known as the Furs of Valencia, which gave it a high degree of autonomy within the Crown of Aragon. He also encouraged the repopulation of the city by Christians from Catalonia and Aragon, and founded several institutions such as the University of Valencia and the Generalitat Valenciana (the regional government). He made Valencia the capital of the Kingdom of Valencia, which was part of the Crown of Aragon along with Catalonia, Aragon, Mallorca, Sicily, Naples, and Sardinia.
Valencia’s captivating history reaches another pinnacle during the 15th and 16th centuries, known as the Golden Age. This prosperous era witnessed a remarkable flourishing of art, culture, and commerce, leaving an indelible mark on the city’s landscape.
The Kingdom of Valencia was united with Castile under Ferdinand and Isabella in 1479, forming the basis of modern Spain. The city experienced a period of peace and prosperity, and became a cultural hub known as the Valencian Golden Age. It produced famous writers such as Ausiàs March and Joanot Martorell, painters such as Joan de Joanes and Francisco Ribalta, musicians such as Luis de Milán and Mateo Flecha, architects such as Pere Compte and Antoni Dalmau, and humanists such as Joan Lluís Vives and Jeroni Muñoz. It also witnessed the first printing press in Spain in 1474.
One of the most iconic landmarks from this period is the Silk Exchange, locally known as La Lonja de la Seda. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, this architectural gem stands as a testament to Valencia’s economic might and its role as a hub for silk trade during the Golden Age. Marvel at the intricate Gothic façade adorned with elaborate carvings and delicate details. Step inside to explore the grandiose interior, where the impressive columns and vaulted ceilings evoke a sense of awe and reverence. The Silk Exchange stands as a lasting symbol of Valencia’s commercial power and the architectural brilliance of the era.
King Philip III ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609. The Moriscos were descendants of Muslims who had converted to Christianity but were suspected of practicing Islam secretly. This caused a huge demographic and economic loss for the city and the kingdom, as many skilled workers and farmers were forced to leave.
The expulsion also triggered social unrest and rebellions among the remaining population. The city entered a period of decline that lasted until the 18th century. The Golden Age and its Gothic splendor continue to inspire and captivate visitors today, offering a glimpse into a bygone era of opulence and creativity. Valencia’s ability to preserve and showcase this remarkable period in its history is a testament to its commitment to honoring its past and sharing it with the world.
Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808 and installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte as king. Valencia resisted the French occupation and joined the Spanish War of Independence. It was besieged twice by the French army, but managed to hold out until 1812. It also became a centre of liberal and constitutionalist ideas, and hosted the Cortes (parliament) that drafted the first Spanish constitution in 1812. The city played a key role in the restoration of Ferdinand VII as king, and in the defense of the constitutional regime against the absolutist reaction.
The Spanish Civil War erupted in 1936 between the Republicans, who supported democracy and social reforms, and the Nationalists, who supported fascism and traditional values . Valencia sided with the Republicans and became their capital from 1936 to 1939.
During the Spanish Civil War, Valencia played a significant role as the capital of the Second Spanish Republic. The city became a stronghold for the Republican government, which opposed the Nationalist forces led by General Francisco Franco. Valencia served as the temporary capital and a center of political, military, and social activities for the Republican government.
Valencia’s geographical location and its port made it an important strategic point during the war. The city became a refuge for many refugees fleeing the conflict and witnessed an influx of intellectuals, artists, and political figures who sought to support the Republican cause. The Republican government established various institutions and organizations in Valencia, including the Republican government headquarters, military offices, and international diplomatic missions.
The city endured significant destruction during the war and was the target of relentless aerial bombing, with many historical buildings and landmarks suffering damage or destruction. This lasted until March 1939 when Valencia finally fell to Franco’s troops. The conflict brought political divisions and social upheaval, and the subsequent victory of the Nationalists under Franco led to a period of repression and censorship. Valencia’s role during the war is still remembered today through various museums, monuments, and memorials that commemorate the events and pay tribute to the men and women who fought and suffered during this tumultuous period in Spanish history.
After Franco’s death in 1975 and Spain’s transition to democracy, Valencia regained its autonomy as part of the Valencian Community in 1978 . It also experienced a cultural revival and a modernization of its infrastructure. It hosted several international events such as the America’s Cup sailing race in 2007 and 2010, and the European Grand Prix Formula One race from 2008 to 2012.
Valencia’s journey through history extends into the 20th century, where the city experienced a series of significant events and transformations, shaping its modern identity. This period witnessed a fusion of tradition and innovation, propelling Valencia forward into the global spotlight.
One remarkable transformation that took place was the redirection of the Turia River. Following a devastating flood in 1957, the decision was made to divert the river away from the city center. This bold move created a vast expanse of greenery known as the Turia Gardens, a remarkable urban park that stretches for several kilometers through the heart of Valencia.
Today, locals and visitors alike flock to this verdant oasis, enjoying its tranquil pathways, vibrant gardens, and recreational spaces. The Turia Gardens have become an integral part of the city’s landscape, offering a serene escape from the bustling urban environment.
Valencia’s commitment to innovation and modernity is epitomized by the City of Arts and Sciences.
This groundbreaking architectural complex, designed by renowned architect Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela, stands as a symbol of Valencia’s forward-thinking spirit. The City of Arts and Sciences comprises several futuristic structures, including the Hemisfèric, an eye-catching planetarium and IMAX cinema, the Science Museum, and the striking Oceanografic, Europe’s largest aquarium.
These cutting-edge facilities not only provide entertainment and education but also serve as a hub for scientific research and technological advancements. The City of Arts and Sciences has become an iconic landmark, attracting visitors from around the world and solidifying Valencia’s reputation as a hub of innovation and cultural vibrancy.
Today, Valencia thrives as a cosmopolitan city that seamlessly blends history with contemporary vibrancy. Explore the vibrant neighborhoods of Ruzafa and El Carmen, where avant-garde art galleries, trendy boutiques, and stylish cafes create an artistic and bohemian atmosphere. Immerse yourself in the city’s dynamic cultural scene by attending festivals like Las Fallas, a spectacular celebration of art, fire, and tradition. Indulge in the city’s renowned cuisine, including the world-famous dish, paella, which originated in Valencia.
We hope you have enjoyed this article and learned something new about Valencia’s history. As you can see, Valencia is a city that has a rich and varied past, full of contrasts and surprises. It is a city that has witnessed many changes and challenges, but also many achievements and innovations. It is a city that has preserved its traditions and identity, but also embraced its diversity and modernity. It is a city that has something for everyone, and that will never cease to amaze you.
If you want to know more about Valencia, we invite you to plan a trip and book a tour with a tour guide that can share more detailed information. We also hope that you will read our other articles such as the one below:
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